Facebook Instagram Linkedin Psychology Today
Facebook Instagram Linkedin Psychology Today

Assessment Services

Assessment of defendants’ mental state and cognitive abilities, usually to determine their competency to stand trial, criminal responsibility for their alleged offenses, and potential risk of future violence, by evaluating factors like their mental health history, current psychological functioning, and understanding of the legal process.

Forensic Psychology has been defined in several ways. The American Board of Forensic Psychology describes it as “the application of the science and profession of psychology to questions and issues relating to law and the legal system” (www.abfp.com).

A broader description is the practice of applying psychological principles to answering a referral question by a third party – someone or some entity other than the person(s) being evaluated. This inherently changes the relationship between the psychologist and the patient or client.

To that end, forensic psychologists primarily help explain legal questions. Such questions may be criminal or civil, wherein an individual is facing criminal charges or seeking compensation, respectively.

Forensic psychologists may conduct clinical interviews and psychological testing. They consult with relevant stakeholders, such as law enforcement personnel, lawyers, courts, and other parties and entities.

Competence to Stand Trial (CST) – A defendant’s present capacity to comprehend trial proceedings. It also considers if defendants can assist in their defense and collaborate with their defense attorney(s) in developing and putting forth a defense strategy.

Mental Status at the Time of the Offense – Also known as Criminal Responsibility and popularly known as “insanity,” this evaluation helps to explore whether the defendant suffered from a mental illness(es) at the time of an alleged offense(s). If so, additional factors are examined to determine if they played a role at the time of the alleged offense(s).

Specific Intent/Diminished Capacity – Introduces evidence of diminished mens rea (guilty mind), meaning, to demonstrate that their mental capacity was compromised at the time of the alleged offense, preventing the accused from having the intent needed to commit the crime. Such an outcome may result in a less severe charge.

Violence Risk Assessment – An individual’s level of risk for engaging in acts of violence against people or property in a given environment and for a particular length of time. It is based on group data used to make predictions of violence in a variety of contexts and can be civil as opposed to criminal.

Sex Offender Risk Assessment – An individual’s level of risk for engaging in acts of sexual offenses with/without violence. This assessment is in the context of pre-trial or pre-sentencing.

Mitigation – Assessing existing condition(s) and their effects on the defendant’s functioning, including basic daily activities, such as bathing and eating. This includes prognosis, potential complications, and future needs. This helps to aid the Judge in understanding the complexities of the psychological condition(s) and provides context to the defendant’s life while in prison.

Psychological Autopsy – In criminal cases, a psychological autopsy helps reconstruct the decedent’s psychological profile to assess intent, risk factors, or potential victimization. It informs investigations into suspicious deaths, suicides, or possible foul play through collateral interviews and behavioral analysis.

Miranda Rights Waiver Evaluation – This helps to determine whether an individual had the mental and cognitive capacity to knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waive their Miranda rights during police interrogation. It is commonly used in criminal defense cases to assess legal competency at the time of custodial questioning.

Eyewitness Identification Reliability Evaluation – This forensic assessment evaluates the accuracy and reliability of an eyewitness identification in criminal investigations. It focuses on memory recall, suggestibility, perception under stress, and potential biases that can impact witness credibility and trial testimony.

Assessments to evaluate mental state within civil contexts, typically to determine the extent of psychological damages or decision-making capacity. Some examples include personal injury and testamentary capacity.

Legal & Decisional Capacity Evaluations

These evaluations address capacities related to legal, financial, and personal decision-making. They are commonly used in probate, civil, and family court matters involving questions of competenc, undue influence, exploitation, dementia, psychiatric impairment, or diminished decision-making ability.

Testamentary & Estate Planning Capacity Evaluations

Assessment of an individual’s mental capacity to understand, create, modify, or execute estate planning.

These address capacity related to:

  • Creating or revising a Last Will and Testament
  • Creating or modifying a Living Will or Advance Directive
  • Appointing a Health Care Proxy or Medical Decision-Maker
  • Designating a Durable Power of Attorney
  • Establishing or modifying Trusts
  • Making financial or property transfer decisions
  • Designating beneficiaries for retirement accounts, insurance policies, and financial assets
  • Communicating funeral and end-of-life preferences

Evaluations may also assess:

  • Cognitive impairment and dementia-related decline
  • Financial decision-making capacity
  • Susceptibility to undue influence
  • Voluntariness and informed decision-making
  • Psychiatric factors affecting decisional abilities

These evaluations are frequently requested in probate litigation, contested estate matters, elder law disputes, and concerns regarding undue influence or diminished capacity

Contractual Capacity Evaluations

Assessment of decisional capacity to enter into legally binding agreements at the time a contract or transaction occurred.

These evaluations are commonly requested in civil litigation involving disputed:

  • Real estate transactions
  • Vehicle purchases
  • Loans and credit agreements
  • Business contracts and partnerships
  • Settlement agreements
  • Financial transfers and high-value purchases

Evaluations may assess:

  • Ability to understand the nature and consequences of the agreement
  • Appreciation of financial risks and obligations
  • Reasoning and judgment during the decision-making process
  • Cognitive impairment, psychiatric symptoms, or neurocognitive decline
  • Susceptibility to coercion, manipulation, or undue influence

These assessments often involve matters of elder exploitation, fraud allegations, financial disputes, or questions regarding decisional impairment at the time of execution.

Guardianship & Conservatorship Evaluations

Address an individual’s cognitive, psychiatric, and functional capacities relevant to guardianship or conservatorship proceedings.

These assessments may address:

  • Ability to manage personal care and daily living needs
  • Financial management and decision-making capacity
  • Medical decision-making ability
  • Independent living skills
  • Cognitive impairment or dementia-related decline
  • Psychiatric conditions affecting functioning and judgment
  • Vulnerability to exploitation or undue influence
  • Need for limited, temporary, or full guardianship arrangements

These are commonly requested in probate, family, and civil court matters involving aging, disability, neurocognitive disorders, serious mental illness, or concerns regarding diminished independence and safety.

Services in selection of jury members, witness preparation and interviewing, case preparation and presentation.

Direct contact with the person being evaluated is not always needed (i.e., assessing evidence to answer a certain psycho-legal question or seeking general impressions), or strategic planning (i.e., witness, plaintiff, defendant interviewing, or jury selection strategies).

Trial Consultation – Focuses on the full spectrum of litigation proceedings through the use of scientific expertise. For example, some tasks include aiding attorneys in the selection of jury members, witness preparation and interviewing, case preparation and presentation. The expert’s full attention is devoted to the trial with real-time, in-person, and immediate consultative services available.

Record Review/Indirect Assessment – Not all services warrant in-person evaluations for a variety of reasons (attorney discretion, available funds, etc.). Psychological expertise can contribute to these matters without direct involvement, to address ongoing criminal or civil proceedings (i.e., determining if there is enough evidence to answer a certain psycho-legal question or seeking general impressions), or strategic planning (i.e., witness, plaintiff, defendant interviewing, or jury selection strategies). The totality of the information available is reviewed through a scientific lens, to arrive at a professional opinion. This is in accordance with section 9.03 of the Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychology, Standard 9.01 of the APA Ethical Code, and Guidelines 5 & 8 of the APA Professional Practice Guidelines for Operational Psychology.

National Security & Personnel Reliability Evaluations involve specialized forensic psychological assessments designed to address questions related to security clearance eligibility, public trust positions, personnel reliability, fitness for sensitive duties, and behavioral risk concerns.

National Security & Personnel Reliability Evaluations involve specialized forensic psychological assessments designed to address questions related to security clearance eligibility, public trust positions, personnel reliability, fitness for sensitive duties, and behavioral risk concerns. These evaluations may be requested by several entities.
Common referral matters include:

  • Security clearance and personnel security concerns
  • Public trust and sensitive position evaluations
  • Independent evaluations related to clearance reviews or appeals
  • Psychological assessments following workplace or security-related incidents
  • Personnel reliability and behavioral risk evaluations
  • Insider threat, concerning behavior, or workplace violence concerns
  • Executive, law enforcement, and government contractor evaluations

Assessment of defendants’ mental state and cognitive abilities, usually to determine their competency to stand trial, criminal responsibility for their alleged offenses, and potential risk of future violence, by evaluating factors like their mental health history, current psychological functioning, and understanding of the legal process.

Forensic Psychology has been defined in several ways. The American Board of Forensic Psychology describes it as “the application of the science and profession of psychology to questions and issues relating to law and the legal system” (www.abfp.com).

A broader description is the practice of applying psychological principles to answering a referral question by a third party – someone or some entity other than the person(s) being evaluated. This inherently changes the relationship between the psychologist and the patient or client.

To that end, forensic psychologists primarily help explain legal questions. Such questions may be criminal or civil, wherein an individual is facing criminal charges or seeking compensation, respectively.

Forensic psychologists may conduct clinical interviews and psychological testing. They consult with relevant stakeholders, such as law enforcement personnel, lawyers, courts, and other parties and entities.

Competence to Stand Trial (CST) – A defendant’s present capacity to comprehend trial proceedings. It also considers if defendants can assist in their defense and collaborate with their defense attorney(s) in developing and putting forth a defense strategy.

Mental Status at the Time of the Offense – Also known as Criminal Responsibility and popularly known as “insanity,” this evaluation helps to explore whether the defendant suffered from a mental illness(es) at the time of an alleged offense(s). If so, additional factors are examined to determine if they played a role at the time of the alleged offense(s).

Specific Intent/Diminished Capacity – Introduces evidence of diminished mens rea (guilty mind), meaning, to demonstrate that their mental capacity was compromised at the time of the alleged offense, preventing the accused from having the intent needed to commit the crime. Such an outcome may result in a less severe charge.

Violence Risk Assessment – An individual’s level of risk for engaging in acts of violence against people or property in a given environment and for a particular length of time. It is based on group data used to make predictions of violence in a variety of contexts and can be civil as opposed to criminal.

Sex Offender Risk Assessment – An individual’s level of risk for engaging in acts of sexual offenses with/without violence. This assessment is in the context of pre-trial or pre-sentencing.

Mitigation – Assessing existing condition(s) and their effects on the defendant’s functioning, including basic daily activities, such as bathing and eating. This includes prognosis, potential complications, and future needs. This helps to aid the Judge in understanding the complexities of the psychological condition(s) and provides context to the defendant’s life while in prison.

Psychological Autopsy – In criminal cases, a psychological autopsy helps reconstruct the decedent’s psychological profile to assess intent, risk factors, or potential victimization. It informs investigations into suspicious deaths, suicides, or possible foul play through collateral interviews and behavioral analysis.

Miranda Rights Waiver Evaluation – This helps to determine whether an individual had the mental and cognitive capacity to knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waive their Miranda rights during police interrogation. It is commonly used in criminal defense cases to assess legal competency at the time of custodial questioning.

Eyewitness Identification Reliability Evaluation – This forensic assessment evaluates the accuracy and reliability of an eyewitness identification in criminal investigations. It focuses on memory recall, suggestibility, perception under stress, and potential biases that can impact witness credibility and trial testimony.

National Security & Personnel Reliability Evaluations involve specialized forensic psychological assessments designed to address questions related to security clearance eligibility, public trust positions, personnel reliability, fitness for sensitive duties, and behavioral risk concerns.

National Security & Personnel Reliability Evaluations involve specialized forensic psychological assessments designed to address questions related to security clearance eligibility, public trust positions, personnel reliability, fitness for sensitive duties, and behavioral risk concerns. These evaluations may be requested by several entities.


Common referral matters include:

  • Security clearance and personnel security concerns
  • Public trust and sensitive position evaluations
  • Independent evaluations related to clearance reviews or appeals
  • Psychological assessments following workplace or security-related incidents
  • Personnel reliability and behavioral risk evaluations
  • Insider threat, concerning behavior, or workplace violence concerns
  • Executive, law enforcement, and government contractor evaluations

Assessments to evaluate mental state within civil contexts, typically to determine the extent of psychological damages or decision-making capacity. Some examples include personal injury and testamentary capacity.

Legal & Decisional Capacity Evaluations

These evaluations address capacities related to legal, financial, and personal decision-making. They are commonly used in probate, civil, and family court matters involving questions of competenc, undue influence, exploitation, dementia, psychiatric impairment, or diminished decision-making ability.

Testamentary & Estate Planning Capacity Evaluations

Assessment of an individual’s mental capacity to understand, create, modify, or execute estate planning.

These address capacity related to:

  • Creating or revising a Last Will and Testament
  • Creating or modifying a Living Will or Advance Directive
  • Appointing a Health Care Proxy or Medical Decision-Maker
  • Designating a Durable Power of Attorney
  • Establishing or modifying Trusts
  • Making financial or property transfer decisions
  • Designating beneficiaries for retirement accounts, insurance policies, and financial assets
  • Communicating funeral and end-of-life preferences

Evaluations may also assess:

  • Cognitive impairment and dementia-related decline
  • Financial decision-making capacity
  • Susceptibility to undue influence
  • Voluntariness and informed decision-making
  • Psychiatric factors affecting decisional abilities

These evaluations are frequently requested in probate litigation, contested estate matters, elder law disputes, and concerns regarding undue influence or diminished capacity

Contractual Capacity Evaluations

Assessment of decisional capacity to enter into legally binding agreements at the time a contract or transaction occurred.

These evaluations are commonly requested in civil litigation involving disputed:

  • Real estate transactions
  • Vehicle purchases
  • Loans and credit agreements
  • Business contracts and partnerships
  • Settlement agreements
  • Financial transfers and high-value purchases

Evaluations may assess:

  • Ability to understand the nature and consequences of the agreement
  • Appreciation of financial risks and obligations
  • Reasoning and judgment during the decision-making process
  • Cognitive impairment, psychiatric symptoms, or neurocognitive decline
  • Susceptibility to coercion, manipulation, or undue influence

These assessments often involve matters of elder exploitation, fraud allegations, financial disputes, or questions regarding decisional impairment at the time of execution.

Guardianship & Conservatorship Evaluations

Address an individual’s cognitive, psychiatric, and functional capacities relevant to guardianship or conservatorship proceedings.

These assessments may address:

  • Ability to manage personal care and daily living needs
  • Financial management and decision-making capacity
  • Medical decision-making ability
  • Independent living skills
  • Cognitive impairment or dementia-related decline
  • Psychiatric conditions affecting functioning and judgment
  • Vulnerability to exploitation or undue influence
  • Need for limited, temporary, or full guardianship arrangements

These are commonly requested in probate, family, and civil court matters involving aging, disability, neurocognitive disorders, serious mental illness, or concerns regarding diminished independence and safety.

Services in selection of jury members, witness preparation and interviewing, case preparation and presentation.

Direct contact with the person being evaluated is not always needed (i.e., assessing evidence to answer a certain psycho-legal question or seeking general impressions), or strategic planning (i.e., witness, plaintiff, defendant interviewing, or jury selection strategies).

Trial Consultation – Focuses on the full spectrum of litigation proceedings through the use of scientific expertise. For example, some tasks include aiding attorneys in the selection of jury members, witness preparation and interviewing, case preparation and presentation. The expert’s full attention is devoted to the trial with real-time, in-person, and immediate consultative services available.

Record Review/Indirect Assessment – Not all services warrant in-person evaluations for a variety of reasons (attorney discretion, available funds, etc.). Psychological expertise can contribute to these matters without direct involvement, to address ongoing criminal or civil proceedings (i.e., determining if there is enough evidence to answer a certain psycho-legal question or seeking general impressions), or strategic planning (i.e., witness, plaintiff, defendant interviewing, or jury selection strategies). The totality of the information available is reviewed through a scientific lens, to arrive at a professional opinion. This is in accordance with section 9.03 of the Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychology, Standard 9.01 of the APA Ethical Code, and Guidelines 5 & 8 of the APA Professional Practice Guidelines for Operational Psychology.